Airbnb Data Analytics

Answering several data analysis questions using our RSQLite database setup in the previous post

Nils Dosaj Mikkelsen, Jose Lama https://example.com/norajones
2022-03-29

Introduction

In this post, we demonstrate how to answer a number of questions related to room listing type and host info using our newly created RSQLite database.

Questions

We answer the following 11 questions:

Room Listing

  1. What is the most common room type available?
  2. What is the top and bottom 10 property type based on average price?
  3. What is the top and bottom 10 property type based on review score?
  4. What is the most common amenities provided?
  5. Is there any correlation between room price and the review score?
  6. Room listing geographical distribution

Host

  1. Who are the top 10 host based on revenue?
  2. Is there any difference in review score between superhost and normal host?
  3. Is there any difference in response rate between superhost and normal host?
  4. What is the most commonly verified host information?
  5. How has the number of hosts joining airbnb increased/decreased overtime?

Libraries, Database Connection and Functions

Libraries

First, we must load the necessary libraries required for our data analysis and connect to our database.

# Libraries
library(DBI) 
library(RSQLite)
library(tidyr)
library(tibble)
library(stringr)
library(dbplyr)
library(dplyr, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
library(leaflet)
library(lubridate)
library(ggplot2)
library(gridExtra)
library(tidyquant)
library(zoo)

Database Connection

Next, we connect to our database that we set up in the previous post

con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), "airdb.SQLite")

The build_airbnb_database() Function

If you have not yet set up the require database, you may use the build_airbnb_database() function to do so for you. Note that this function leverages the remove_old_database() and insert_to_sql() functions defined in the previous post.

Show code 
build_airbnb_database <- function(con, listing_data, remove_old_database = FALSE){
    
    #################### Remove Existing database
    if(remove_old_database == TRUE){
        remove_live_database(con)
    }

    #################### Deal with NA values 
    listing_data <- 
        listing_data %>% 
        
        # Convert dates to characters for NA values
        mutate(last_scraped = as.character(last_scraped),
               host_since = as.character(host_since),
               calendar_last_scraped = as.character(calendar_last_scraped),
               first_review = as.character(first_review),
               last_review = as.character(last_review),
               ) %>% 
        
        # Homogenize NA values
        #*# Taken from: https://rpubs.com/Argaadya/create_table_sql
        mutate_all(function(x) ifelse(x == "" | x == "None" | x == "N/A", NA, x)) %>%  #*#
        # mutate_all(function(x) ifelse(is.na(x), "NULL", x)) %>% 
        
        # Convert character strings back to date type
        mutate(last_scraped = as.Date(last_scraped),
               host_since = as.Date(host_since),
               calendar_last_scraped = as.Date(calendar_last_scraped),
               first_review = as.Date(first_review),
               last_review = as.Date(last_review)) 
    
    
    #################### Extract host data
    host_data <- listing_data %>% 
        select(host_id:host_identity_verified, 
               calculated_host_listings_count:calculated_host_listings_count_shared_rooms)
    
    
    #################### Remove duplicate values
    host_data <- host_data %>% distinct()
    
    
    #################### Convert dates
    # Note that this will need to converted back to type = date for analysis
    host_data  <- host_data %>% mutate(host_since = as.character(host_since)) 
    
    
    #################### Clean host verification column
    host_data <- 
        host_data %>% 
        mutate(host_verifications = str_remove_all(host_verifications, "[\\'\\[\\]]"))
    
    
    #################### Create table for host info
    query <- "CREATE TABLE host_info(
        host_id INT, 
        host_url VARCHAR(50), 
        host_name VARCHAR(100), 
        host_since VARCHAR(50),
        host_location VARCHAR(500), 
        host_about VARCHAR(10000),
        host_response_time VARCHAR(50),
        host_response_rate VARCHAR(50),
        host_acceptance_rate VARCHAR(50),
        host_is_superhost BOOLEAN,
        host_thumbnail_url VARCHAR(500),
        host_picture_url VARCHAR(500),
        host_neighbourhood VARCHAR(50),
        host_listings_count INT,
        host_total_listings_count INT,
        host_verifications VARCHAR(500),
        host_has_profile_pic BOOLEAN,
        host_identity_verified BOOLEAN,
        calculated_host_listings_count INT, 
        calculated_host_listings_count_entire_homes INT,
        calculated_host_listings_count_private_rooms INT,
        calculated_host_listings_count_shared_rooms INT,
        PRIMARY KEY(host_id)
        )"
    
    
    #################### Load host_info table
    dbSendQuery(con, query)
    
    
    #################### Check schema
    res <- dbSendQuery(con, "PRAGMA table_info([host_info]);")
    fetch(res)  
    dbClearResult(res)
    
    
    #################### Insert data into host_info table
    insert_to_sql(con, "host_info", host_data)
    
    
    ####################Listing table Processing####################
    
    # listing_data %>% view() 
    listing_data %>% glimpse()
    
    #################### Remove host_data columns
    listing_data <- listing_data %>% 
        select( - names(host_data)[-1])
    
    
    #################### Remove extraneous columns 
    listing_data <- listing_data %>% 
        select(-c(license, calendar_updated, bathrooms, scrape_id))
    
    
    #################### Remove dollar signs from price column
    listing_data <- listing_data %>% 
        mutate(price = str_remove_all(price, "[$,]") %>% 
                   as.numeric()
        )
    
    
    #################### Transform amenities and host verification column
    listing_data <- listing_data %>% 
        mutate(amenities = str_remove_all(amenities, "[\"\\'\\[\\]]"))
    
    
    listing_data %>% glimpse()
    
    #################### Convert dates to character
    listing_data <- 
        listing_data %>% 
        mutate(last_scraped          = as.character(last_scraped), 
               calendar_last_scraped = as.character(calendar_last_scraped),
               first_review          = as.character(first_review),
               last_review           = as.character(last_review))
    
    
    #################### Create listing table
    query_2 <- [1856 chars quoted with '"']
    
    
    #################### Insert listing table into database
    dbSendQuery(con, query_2)
    
    
    #################### Insert data into listing table
    insert_to_sql(con, "listing", listing_data)
    
    
    #################### Extract tables from database

}

Data Loading

We can load the data from our database in either of the following ways:

  1. As data frames
host_info <- tbl(con, "host_info") %>% as.data.frame()
listing <- tbl(con, "listing") %>% as.data.frame()
  1. By querying the database
# load host_info table 
res_host_info <- dbSendQuery(con, "select * from host_info")  
host_info <- fetch(res_host_info) 
dbClearResult(res_host_info)

# load listing table
res_listing <- dbSendQuery(con, "select * from listing")
listing <- fetch(res_listing)
dbClearResult(res_listing)

Room Listing Queries

Most Common Room Type Available

Top/Bottom Room Types Based on Average Price

Top/Bottom Room Types Based on Review Score

Most Common Amenities

Room Price Review Score Correlation

Does paying a higher price for ‘nicer’ accommodations correlate to an increased satisfaction level?

We notice that while an accommodation may only have one score in terms of price, it is reviewed among several different dimensions:

  1. Cleanliness
  2. Checkin
  3. Communication
  4. Location
  5. Rating
  6. Accuracy
  7. Value
  8. Overall Rating

We start by selecting the price and review related columns from the listing table, drop any rows that are missing review score, and filter out a spurious outlier. This leaves us with roughly 10,000 observations remaining, more than enough to theoretically examine correlation.

q5 <- 
    listing %>% select(price, review_scores_accuracy, 
                       review_scores_cleanliness, review_scores_checkin, 
                       review_scores_communication, review_scores_location, 
                       review_scores_rating, review_scores_value) %>% 
                drop_na() %>% 
                filter(price != 13)

We defined the following function c_plot() to handle the repetitive plotting of price versus our eight different review dimensions.

# Function defining correlation plot
c_plot <- function(df, y_val, y_name, clr = "dodgerblue4"){
    c_plot <- df %>% 
        ggplot(aes(x = price,
                   y = y_val)) +
            geom_jitter(color = clr, alpha = 0.5) + 
            scale_x_log10(label = scales::number_format(big.mark = ",")) +
            labs(x = "Price",
                 y = y_name,
                 title = y_name) + theme_tq()
    return(c_plot)
}

We then construct our correlation graphs using the above defined c_plot() function. We also use the grid.arrange() function from the gridExtra library to help align our multiple plots for parallel examination.

# Colours for correlation plot
c <- c("Aquamarine4", "Sienna3")

# Build correlation plots
q5_1 <- c_plot(q5, q5$review_scores_rating, "Rating vs Price") 
q5_2 <- c_plot(q5, q5$review_scores_accuracy, "Accuracy", clr = c[1]) 
q5_3 <- c_plot(q5, q5$review_scores_cleanliness, "Cleanliness", clr = c[1]) 
q5_4 <- c_plot(q5, q5$review_scores_checkin, "Check-in", clr = c[1]) 
q5_5 <- c_plot(q5, q5$review_scores_communication, "Communication", clr = c[2]) 
q5_6 <- c_plot(q5, q5$review_scores_location, "Location", clr = c[2]) 
q5_7 <- c_plot(q5, q5$review_scores_value, "Value", clr = c[2]) 

# Output correlation plots
q5_1

grid.arrange(q5_2, q5_3, q5_4, ncol = 3)

grid.arrange(q5_5, q5_6, q5_7, ncol = 3)

Our plots appear noisy, and while we can see a consistent pattern between price and all eight dimensions along which accommodations are reviewed, we can statistically test the correlation by:

  1. Using the cor.test() function each combination of price and review score
  2. Extracting the test’s confidence interval for each correlation test
  3. Compiling the results into a table for further examination
# Conduct numerical correlation test
c1 <- cor.test(q5$price, q5$review_scores_rating)
c2 <- cor.test(q5$price, q5$review_scores_accuracy)
c3 <- cor.test(q5$price, q5$review_scores_cleanliness)
c4 <- cor.test(q5$price, q5$review_scores_checkin)
c5 <- cor.test(q5$price, q5$review_scores_communication)
c6 <- cor.test(q5$price, q5$review_scores_location)
c7 <- cor.test(q5$price, q5$review_scores_value)

# Extract correlation test confidence intervals
c1_int <- paste0(round(c1$conf.int[1], 2), ", ", round(c1$conf.int[2], 2))
c2_int <- paste0(round(c2$conf.int[1], 2), ", ", round(c2$conf.int[2], 2))
c3_int <- paste0(round(c3$conf.int[1], 2), ", ", round(c3$conf.int[2], 2))
c4_int <- paste0(round(c4$conf.int[1], 2), ", ", round(c4$conf.int[2], 2))
c5_int <- paste0(round(c5$conf.int[1], 2), ", ", round(c5$conf.int[2], 2))
c6_int <- paste0(round(c6$conf.int[1], 2), ", ", round(c6$conf.int[2], 2))
c7_int <- paste0(round(c7$conf.int[1], 2), ", ", round(c7$conf.int[2], 2))

# Construct data frame of confidence intervals for correlation plots
confidence_intervals <- c(c1_int, c2_int, c3_int, c4_int, c5_int,
                          c6_int, c7_int)

review_category <- c("Rating", "Accuracy", "Cleanliness", "Check–in", 
                     "Communication", "Location", "Value")

correlation_df <- data.frame(review_category, confidence_intervals)
correlation_df %>% knitr::kable(align = c("c", "c"))
review_category confidence_intervals
Rating -0.01, 0.03
Accuracy -0.01, 0.03
Cleanliness -0.02, 0.02
Check–in -0.01, 0.02
Communication -0.02, 0.02
Location -0.02, 0.02
Value -0.03, 0.01

Looking at our final table, we see that all confidence intervals contain the value 0, which we could interpret to mean that there is no significant correlation between room price and the review score. Users paying for cheap accommodations may be perfectly satisfied with their experience, while paying more does not necessarily guarantee you a higher level of satisfaction.

Room Listing Geographical Distribution

How are rental properties distributed by geographical location?

To see the geographical distribution of available accommodations to rent, we use the leaflet library to create an interactive map

q6 <- listing %>%
    left_join(host_info, by = "host_id") %>%
    select(host_id, host_name, listing_url, latitude, longitude, price,
           review_scores_rating, number_of_reviews, neighbourhood_cleansed) %>%
    replace_na(list(name = "No Name", host_name = "No Host Name"))


popup <- paste0("<b>", q6$name, "</b><br>",
                "Listing ID: ", q6$id, "<br>",
                "Host Name: ", q6$host_name, "<br>",
                "Price: ", q6$price, "<br>",
                "Review Scores Rating: ", ifelse(is.na(q6$review_scores_rating), 
                "No Review Yet", q6$review_scores_rating) , "<br>",
                "Number of Reviews: ", q6$number_of_reviews, "<br>",
                "<a href=", q6$listing_url, "> Click for more info</a>"
                )
leaflet(data = q6) %>% 
    addTiles() %>% 
    addMarkers(lng = ~longitude,
               lat = ~latitude, 
               popup = popup, 
               clusterOptions = markerClusterOptions())

Host Queries

Top hosts

Who are the top 10 hosts based on revenue?

We begin by joining together the two tables on the column host_id. We then select the necessary columns and create a new column called total_earnings which consists of the formula:

total_earnings = price * review_scores_rating * minimum_nights

We then remove the columns containing NA values and perform a count after grouping by the attributes host_id and host_name. The same time, we calculate the average price. Then finally, select the columns we want and arrange in descending order by the total_earnings.

q7 <- listing %>% 
    left_join(host_info, by = "host_id") %>% 
    select(host_id, host_name, price, 
           review_scores_rating, minimum_nights, number_of_reviews) %>%
    mutate(total_earnings = price * review_scores_rating * minimum_nights) %>% 
    drop_na() %>% 
    group_by(host_id, host_name) %>% 
    mutate(number_of_listing = n(),
           average_price = mean(price)) %>% 
    ungroup() %>% 
    select(host_id, host_name, total_earnings, number_of_listing, average_price) %>% 
    arrange(desc(total_earnings))

We create two plots instead of just one to examine the top posts by revenue. The first plot examines the top 10 hosts by the number of listings they have. The second plot, depicts the top 10 hosts by their total earnings.

We plot the results using a similar process for both plots with main difference being that the y-axis for the top_host_by_listing plot is ordered by the number_of_listing column, While the top_host_by_earning is ordered by the total_earnings column

top_host_by_listing <- 
    q7 %>% 
    arrange(desc(number_of_listing)) %>% 
    select(host_name, number_of_listing) %>% 
    distinct() %>% 
    head(15) %>% 
    ggplot(aes(x = number_of_listing, y = host_name %>% reorder(number_of_listing))) + 
    geom_col(fill = "Skyblue3") +
    labs(
        title    = "Top Host by # of Listings",
        x        = "Number of Listing",
        y        = "Host Name"
    ) + 
    theme_tq() + 
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(face = "bold"),
          axis.text.y = element_text(face = "bold"))

top_host_by_earning <- 
    q7 %>% 
    select(host_name, total_earnings) %>%
    arrange(desc(total_earnings)) %>% 
    filter(total_earnings != 16242500) %>% 
    head(15) %>% 
    ggplot(aes(x = total_earnings, y = host_name %>% reorder(total_earnings))) + 
    geom_col(fill = "Aquamarine4") + 
    scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::number_format(big.mark = ",")) + 
    labs(
        title    = "Top Host by Total Earning",
        x        = "Total Eearning (in Baht)",
        y        = "Host Name"
    ) + 
    theme_tq() + 
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, face = "bold", 
                                     vjust = 0.85, hjust = 0.89),
          axis.text.y = element_text(face = "bold"))

We use the grid.arrange() function from the GridExtra library to view the two plots side-by-side to aid in direct comparison.

grid.arrange(top_host_by_listing, top_host_by_earning, ncol = 2)

We notice that the host Bee is the only one who appears in both Top 10 lists

Is there any difference in review score between superhost and normal host?

q8 <- listing %>% 
    left_join(host_info, by = "host_id") %>% 
    select(host_id, host_name, review_scores_rating, host_is_superhost) %>% 
    drop_na() %>% 
    mutate(host_is_superhost = as.logical(host_is_superhost)) %>% 
    select(review_scores_rating, host_is_superhost)

q8_1 <- 
    q8[q8$host_is_superhost == FALSE, ] %>% 
    ggplot(aes(y = review_scores_rating, group = host_is_superhost)) + 
    geom_boxplot(fill = "Skyblue3") + 
    labs(
        title    = "Host Ratings",
        subtitle = "Ratings Distribution",
        x        = "Host",
        y        = "Rating"
    ) + theme_tq()  + 
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(face = "bold"),
          axis.text.y = element_text(face = "bold")) 

q8_2 <- 
    q8[q8$host_is_superhost == TRUE, ] %>% 
    ggplot(aes(y = review_scores_rating, group = host_is_superhost)) + 
    geom_boxplot(fill = "Aquamarine3") + 
    labs(
        title    = "Superhost Ratings",
        subtitle = "Ratings Distribution",
        x        = "Superhost",
        y        = "Rating"
    ) + theme_tq() + 
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(face = "bold"),
          axis.text.y = element_text(face = "bold")) 

grid.arrange(q8_1, q8_2, ncol = 2)

host <-  q8[q8$host_is_superhost == FALSE, ]
super_host <-  q8[q8$host_is_superhost == TRUE, ]

t.test(host$review_scores_rating, super_host$review_scores_rating)


    Welch Two Sample t-test

data:  host$review_scores_rating and super_host$review_scores_rating
t = -25.494, df = 9990.9, p-value < 2.2e-16
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 -0.370689 -0.317755
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y 
 4.450956  4.795178

Is there any difference in response rate between superhost and normal host?

q9 <- listing %>% 
    left_join(host_info, by = "host_id") %>% 
    select(host_id, host_name, host_response_rate, host_acceptance_rate, host_is_superhost) %>%
    drop_na() %>% 
    mutate(host_is_superhost = as.logical(host_is_superhost), 
           # Transform acceptance rate and response rate
           host_response_rate = host_response_rate %>% 
               str_remove("[%]") %>% 
               as.numeric(),
           host_acceptance_rate = host_acceptance_rate %>% 
               str_remove("[%]") %>% 
               as.numeric()
    )


q9_1 <- 
    q9[q9$host_is_superhost == FALSE, ] %>% 
    ggplot(aes(y = host_response_rate, group = host_is_superhost)) + 
    geom_boxplot(fill = "Skyblue3") + 
    labs(
        title    = "Host Response Rate",
        subtitle = "Ratings Distribution",
        x        = "Host",
        y        = "Rating"
    ) + theme_tq()  + 
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(face = "bold"),
          axis.text.y = element_text(face = "bold")) 

q9_2 <- 
    q9[q9$host_is_superhost == TRUE, ] %>% 
    ggplot(aes(y = host_response_rate, group = host_is_superhost)) + 
    geom_boxplot(fill = "Aquamarine3") + 
    labs(
        title    = "Superhost Response Rate",
        subtitle = "Ratings Distribution",
        x        = "Superhost",
        y        = "Rating"
    ) + theme_tq() + 
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(face = "bold"),
          axis.text.y = element_text(face = "bold")) 

grid.arrange(q9_1, q9_2, ncol = 2)

host_2 <-  q9[q9$host_is_superhost == FALSE, ]
super_host_2 <-  q9[q9$host_is_superhost == TRUE, ]

t.test(host_2$host_response_rate, super_host_2$host_response_rate)


    Welch Two Sample t-test

data:  host_2$host_response_rate and super_host_2$host_response_rate
t = -35.4, df = 6805.1, p-value < 2.2e-16
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 -17.87261 -15.99706
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y 
 80.24118  97.17602

What is the most commonly verified host information?

Most Active Months for New Host Sign-Up

What months of the year have historically seen the most activity in terms of new hosts signing up for the service?

We begin by extracting and isolating the necessary data using the following steps:

  1. Join together the two tables.
  2. Select the relevant columns.
  3. Convert host_since_date to the type date using the as.Date() function.
  4. Separate the host_since column into three separate columns for Year, month and day respectively.
  5. Discard the unnecessary day column.
  6. Group by Year and Month and use the count() function to tabulate the results.
  7. Construct the necessary columns for the resulting plot and table in the next step
  8. Disregard any rows containing NA values
q11 <- 
    host_info %>%                                                     # 1
    left_join(listing, by = "host_id") %>% 
    select(host_id, host_since) %>%                                   # 2
    mutate(host_since_date = as.Date(host_since)) %>%                 # 3
    separate("host_since", c("Year", "Month", "Day"), sep = "-") %>%  # 4
    select(-Day) %>%                                                  # 5
    group_by(Year, Month) %>%                                         # 6
    count(Year, Month) %>% 
    ungroup() %>% 
    mutate(year_month = paste0(Year, "-", Month, "-", "01"),          # 7
           year_month_2 = paste0(Year, "-", Month), 
           joined = n) %>% 
    select(year_month, year_month_2, joined) %>% 
    mutate(year_month = as.Date(year_month)) %>% 
    drop_na()                                                         # 8

Next, we use the ggplot library’s geom_line() function to plot the data as a time series.

q11 %>%
    ggplot(aes(x = year_month, y = joined)) +
    geom_line(size = 1.2, colour = "Aquamarine4") + 
    scale_x_date(breaks = waiver(), date_breaks = "6 months") + theme_tq() + 
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, face = "bold", vjust = 0.65),
          axis.text.y = element_text(face = "bold")) + 
    labs(
        title    = "Number of hosts joined",
        subtitle = "Shows the frequency rate at which new posts sign up for airbnb",
        caption  = "",
        x        = "Joined",
        y        = "Year/Month")

Since we are dealing with data over a number of years, it is helpful to also compile a list of the top 10 most active months in terms of new hosts

q11 %>% 
    select(-year_month) %>% 
    mutate(year_month = as.yearmon(year_month_2)) %>% 
    select(-year_month_2) %>% 
    select(year_month, joined) %>% 
    arrange(desc(joined)) %>% 
    head(10) %>% knitr::kable(align = c("c", "c"))
year_month joined
Jul 2018 405
Jun 2019 366
Jul 2015 358
Jul 2019 311
Aug 2015 300
Sep 2018 295
Apr 2016 284
Dec 2015 267
May 2017 261
Dec 2018 259

We see that the summer months (June-August), especially in recent years, makeup almost all of the busiest months in terms of new hosts joining the service. Interestingly, December also has two months in the top 10.